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A French scholar and critic; born in Havre, Aug. 8, 1832. He held official positions connected with the schools and libraries of his native place till his growing eminence as a writer brought him to Paris. His works, which are criticized for a tendency to overestimate the Middle Ages, count among their choicest few: "Chivalry"; "Benedict XI., a Study of the Papacy"; and "Contemporary Portraits and Present Questions". Died. 1897.