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A German canonist; born at Breslau, April 11, 1804; died Aug. 10, 1874. He was appointed prefect of the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived of that office during the Vatican Council on the charge of giving to certain oppositionist bishops secret documents of the curia. His first notable work was a tractate in opposition to the rule of clerical celibacy, "The Introduction of Obligatory Celibacy" (2 vols., 1828; new ed. enlarged, 3 vols., 1856-57). His other principal works are: "History of the Return of the Reigning Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the Bosom of the Catholic Church" (1843); an edition of Baronius's "Church Annals", with a continuation (3 vols., 1856-57); "Diplomatic Code of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See" (1863); "Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy See Judged by the General Councils of Lyons and Constance" (1867).