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The distinctive title of the Church in France, which maintains a certain degree of independence in respect of the Roman see. The liberties of this Church, first asserted in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1438, were defined and confirmed by the Propositions of the Gallican Clergy, promulgated in 1682. The Gallican Church suffered a very severe defeat in the early part of the French Revolution, when its leaders sided to a considerable extent with the party of progress, and accepted the " civil constitution " of the clergy. The Concordat made by Napoleon with Rome had tendency to reconstitute the Gallican Church as it had stood in the eyes of the famous Bossuet, who drew up the Declaration of 1682. Since the time of the Concordat with Bonaparte, the influence of the Ultramontane party seems to have increased steadily.