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Dictionary.net Terms of Use

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10. Content-Specific Notices

Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Ed (1856)

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A LAW DICTIONARY ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law by John Bouvier Ignoratis terminis ignoratur et ars. - Co. Litt. 2 a. Je sais que chaque science et chaque art a ses termes propres, inconnu au commun des hommes. - Fleury SIXTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED. VOL. I. ---------------------------

PHILADELPHIA CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET 1856

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District 9Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ----------------------------- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ----------------------------- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ----------------------------- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, BY ELIZA BOUVIER and ROBERT E. PETERSON, Trustees, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Deacon & Peterson, Printers 66 South Third Street.

TO THE HONORABLE JOSEPH STORY, L L.D., One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States THIS WORK is WITH HIS PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED AS A TOKEN OF GREAT REGARD ENTERTAINED FOR HIS TALENTS, LEARNING, AND CHARACTER, BY THE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION

Encouraged by the success of this work, the author has endeavored to render this edition as perfect as it was possible for him to make it. He has remoulded very many of the articles contained in the former editions, and added upwards of twelve hundred new ones. To render the work as useful as possible, he has added a very copious index to the whole, which, at the same time that it will assist the inquirer, will exhibit the great number of subjects treated in these volumes. As Kelham's Law Dictionary has been published in this city, and can be had by those who desire to possess it, that work has not been added as an appendix to this edition. Philadelphia, November, 1848.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOURTH EDITION

Since the publication of the last edition of this work, its author, sincerely devoted to the advancement of his profession, has given to the world his Institutes of American Law, in 4 vols. Svo. Always endeavoring to render his Dictionary as perfect as possible, he was constantly revising it; and whenever he met with an article which he had omitted, he immediately prepared it for a new edition. After the completion of his Institutes, in September last, laboring to severely, he fell a victim to his zeal, and died on the 18th of November, 1851, at the age of sixty-four. In preparing this edition, not only has the matter left by its author been made use of, but additional matter has been added, so that the present will contain nearly one-third more than the last edition. Under one head, that of Maxims, nearly thirteen hundred new articles have been added. The book has been carefully examined, a great portion of it by two members of the bar, in order that it might be purged, as far as possible, from all errors of every description. The various changes in the constitutions of the states made since the last edition, have been noticed, so far as was compatible with this work; and every effort made to render it as perfect as a work of the kind would permit, in order that it might still sustain the reputation given to it by a Dublin barrister, "of being a work of a most elaborate character, as compared with English works of a similar nature, and one which should be in every library." That it may still continue to receive the approbation of the Bench and Bar of the United States, is the sincere desire of the widow and daughter of its author.

PREFACE

To the difficulties which the author experienced on his admission to the bar, the present publication is to be attributed. His endeavours to get forward in his profession were constantly obstructed, and his efforts for a long time frustrated, for want of that knowledge which his elder brethren of the bar seemed to possess. To find among the reports and the various treatises on the law the object of his inquiry, was a difficult task; he was in a labyrinth without a guide: and much of the time which was spent in finding his way out, might, with the friendly assistance of one who was acquainted with the construction of the edifice, have been saved, and more profitably employed. He applied to law dictionaries and digests within his reach, in the hope of being directed to the source whence they derived their learning, but be was too often disappointed; they seldom pointed out the authorities where the object of his inquiry might be found. It is true such works contain a great mass of information, but from the manner in which they have been compiled, they sometimes embarrassed him more than if he had not consulted them. They were written for another country, possessing laws different from our own, and it became a question how far they were or were not applicable here. Besides, most of the matter in the English law dictionaries will be found to have been written while the feudal law was in its full vigor, and not fitted to the present times, nor calculated for present use, even in England. And there is a great portion which, though useful to an [vii] English lawyer, is almost useless to the American student. What, for example, have we to do with those laws of Great Britain which relate to the person of their king, their nobility, their clergy, their navy, their army; with their game laws; their local statutes, such as regulate their banks, their canals, their exchequer, their marriages, their births, their burials, their beer and ale houses, and a variety of similar subjects? The most modern law dictionaries are compilations from the more ancient, with some modifications and alterations and, in many instances, they are servile copies, without the slightest alteration. In the mean time the law has undergone a great change. Formerly the principal object of the law seemed to be to regulate real property, in all its various artificial modifications, while little or no attention was bestowed upon the rules which govern personal property and rights. The mercantile law has since arisen, like a bright pyramid, amid the gloom of the feudal law, and is now far more important in practice, than that which refers to real estate. The law of real property, too, has changed, particularly in this country. The English law dictionaries would be very unsatisfactory guides, even in pointing out where the laws relating to the acquisition and transfer of real estate, or the laws of descent in the United States, are to be found. And the student who seeks to find in the Dictionaries of Cowel, Manly, Jacobs, Tomlins, Cunningham, Burn, Montefiore, Pott, Whishaw, Williams, the Termes de Ley, or any similar compilation, any satisfactory account in relation to international law, to trade and commerce, to maritime law, to medical jurisprudence, or to natural law, will probably not be fully gratified. He cannot, of course, expect to find in them anything in relation to our government, our constitutions, or our political or civil institutions.[viii] It occurred to the author that a law dictionary, written entirely anew, and calculated to remedy those defects, would be useful to the profession. Probably overrating his strength, he resolved to undertake the task, and if he should not fully succeed, he will have the consolation to know, that his effort may induce some more gifted individual, and better qualified by his learning, to undertake such a task, and to render the American bar an important service. Upon an examination of the constitution and laws of the United States, and of the several states of the American Union, he perceived many technical expressions and much valuable information which he would be able to incorporate in his work. Many of these laws, although local in their nature, will be found useful to every lawyer, particularly those engaged in mercantile practice. As instances of such laws the reader is referred to the articles Acknowledgment, Descent, Divorce, Letters of Administration, and Limitatio. It is within the plan of this work to explain such technical expressions as relate to the legislative, executive, or judicial departments of the government; the political and the civil rights and duties of the citizens; the rights and duties of persons, particularly such as are peculiar to our institutions, as, the rights of descent and administration; of the mode of acquiring and transferring property; to the criminal law, and its administration. It has also been an object with the author to embody in his work such decisions of the courts as appeared to him to be important, either because they differed from former judgments, or because they related to some point which was before either obscure or unsettled. He does not profess to have examined or even referred to all the American cases; it is a part of the plan, however, to refer to authorities, generally, which will lead the student to nearly all the cases. The author was induced to believe, that an occasional comparison of the civil, canon, and other systems of foreign law, with our own,[ix] would be useful to the profession, and illustrate many articles which, without such aid, would not appear very clear; and also to introduce many terms from foreign laws, which may supply a deficiency in ours. The articles Condonation, Extradition, and Novation, are of this sort. He was induced to adopt this course because the civil law has been considered, perhaps not without justice, the best system of written reason, and as all laws are or ought to be founded in reason, it seemed peculiarly proper to have recourse to this fountain of wisdom: but another motive influenced this decision; one of the states of the Union derives most of its civil regulations from the civil law; and there seemed a peculiar propriety, therefore, in introducing it into an American law dictionary. He also had the example of a Story, a Kent, Mr. Angell, and others, who have ornamented their works from the same source. And he here takes the opportunity to acknowledge the benefits which he has derived from the learned labors of these gentlemen, and of those of Judge Sergeant, Judge Swift, Judge Gould, Mr. Rawle, and other writers on American law and jurisprudence. In the execution of his plan, the author has, in the first place, defined and explained the various words and phrases, by giving their most enlarged meaning, and then all the shades of signification of which they are susceptible; secondly, he has divided the subject in the manner which to him appeared the most natural, and laid down such principles and rules as belong to it; in these cases he has generally been careful to give an illustration, by citing a case whenever the subject seemed to require it, and referring to others supporting the same point; thirdly, whenever the article admitted of it, he has compared it with the laws of other countries within his reach, and pointed out their concord or disagreement; and, fourthly, he has referred to the authorities, the abridgments, digests, and the [x] ancient and modem treatises, where the subject is to be found, in order to facilitate the researches of the student. He desires not to be understood as professing to cite cases always exactly in point; on the contrary, in many instances the authorities will probably be found to be but distantly connected with the subject under examination, but still connected with it, and they have been added in order to lead the student to matter of which he may possibly be in pursuit. To those who are aware of the difficulties of the task, the author deems it unnecessary to make any apology for the imperfections which may be found in the work. His object has been to be useful; if that has been accomplished in any degree, he will be amply rewarded for his labor; and he relies upon the generous liberality of the members of the profession to overlook the errors which may have been committed in his endeavors to serve them. PHILADELPHIA, September, 1839.

A LAW DICTIONARY

A, the first letter of the English and most other alphabets, is frequently used as an abbreviation, (q.v.) and also in the marks of schedules or papers, as schedule A, B, C, &c. Among the Romans this letter was used in criminal trials. The judges were furnished with small tables covered with wax, and each one inscribed on it the initial letter of his vote; A, when he voted to absolve the party on trial; C, when he was for condemnation; and N L, (non liquet) when the matter did not appear clearly, and be desired a new argument.

00-database-info This file was converted from the original database on: Sun Sep 10 15:32:59 2000

The original data is available from: http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/devils.txt

The original data was distributed with the notice shown below. No additional restrictions are claimed. Please redistribute this changed version under the same conditions and restriction that apply to the original version.

The Internet Wiretap 1st Online Edition of

THE DEVIL'S DICTIONARY

AMBROSE BIERCE

Released April 15 1993

Entered by Aloysius of &tSftDotIotE aloysius@west.darkside.com

PREFACE

_The Devil's Dictionary_ was begun in a weekly paper in 1881, and was continued in a desultory way at long intervals until 1906. In that year a large part of it was published in covers with the title _The Cynic's Word Book_, a name which the author had not the power to reject or happiness to approve. To quote the publishers of the present work: "This more reverent title had previously been forced upon him by the religious scruples of the last newspaper in which a part of the work had appeared, with the natural consequence that when it came out in covers the country already had been flooded by its imitators with a score of 'cynic' books -- _The Cynic's This_, _The Cynic's That_, and _The Cynic's t'Other_. Most of these books were merely stupid, though some of them added the distinction of silliness. Among them, they brought the word 'cynic' into disfavor so deep that any book bearing it was discredited in advance of publication." Meantime, too, some of the enterprising humorists of the country had helped themselves to such parts of the work as served their needs, and many of its definitions, anecdotes, phrases and so forth, had become more or less current in popular speech. This explanation is made, not with any pride of priority in trifles, but in simple denial of possible charges of plagiarism, which is no trifle. In merely resuming his own the author hopes to be held guiltless by those to whom the work is addressed -- enlightened souls who prefer dry wines to sweet, sense to sentiment, wit to humor and clean English to slang. A conspicuous, and it is hope not unpleasant, feature of the book is its abundant illustrative quotations from eminent poets, chief of whom is that learned and ingenius cleric, Father Gassalasca Jape, S.J., whose lines bear his initials. To Father Jape's kindly encouragement and assistance the author of the prose text is greatly indebted. A.B.

The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (27 SEP 03)

00-database-info This file was converted from the original database on: Sat Sep 27 23:47:12 2003

The original data is available from: http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/Dictionary.gz

Free On-line Dictionary of Computing

FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards, mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies, projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with computing.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front- or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "{GNU Free Documentation License}".

Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, http://www.foldoc.org/, Editor Denis Howe" or similar.

The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains over 13000 definitions totalling nearly five megabytes of text. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to related resources elsewhere on the net.

Where {LaTeX} commands for certain non-{ASCII} symbols are mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in {lambda-calculus}. Cross-references to other entries look {like this}. Note that not all cross-references actually lead anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something inappropriate, please let me know. Dates after entries indicate when that entry was last updated. They do not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.

You can search the latest version of the dictionary by {WWW} (URL http://www.foldoc.org/). If you find an entry that is wrong or inadequate please let me know.

See {Pronunciation} for how to interpret the pronunciation given for some entries.

(2000-05-18)

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the hundreds of {contributors (contributors.html)}, and especially to the {Guest Editors (editors.html)}, mirror site maintainers and the maintainers of the following resources from which some entries originate:

Mike Sendall's STING Software engineering glossary , 1993-10-13,

Bill Kinnersley's {Language List (http://cuiwww.unige.ch/langlist)} v2.2, 1994-01-15,

Mark Hopkins' catalogue of Free Compilers and Interpreters v6.4, 1994-02-28,

The on-line hacker {Jargon File} v3.0.0, 1993-07-27,

Internet Users' Glossary (RFC 1392, FYI 18), Jan 1993.

John Cross's computer glossary, 1994-11-01.

John Bayko's Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present, v4.0.0, 1994-08-18.

{Electronic Commerce Dictionary}.

(1997-08-01)

U.S. Gazetteer Counties (2000)

00-database-info The original data is available from:

http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tmz/gazetteer/county2k.txt http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tms/gazetteer/zips.txt

The original U.S. Gazetteer Place and Zipcode Files are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and are in the Public Domain.

U.S. Gazetteer Places (2000)

00-database-info The original data is available from:

http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tmz/gazetteer/places2k.txt http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tms/gazetteer/zips.txt

The original U.S. Gazetteer Place and Zipcode Files are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and are in the Public Domain.

U.S. Gazetteer Zip Code Tabulation Areas (2000)

00-database-info The original data is available from:

http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tmz/gazetteer/zcta5.txt http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/tiger/tms/gazetteer/zips.txt

The original U.S. Gazetteer Place and Zipcode Files are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau and are in the Public Domain.

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48

00-database-info This file was converted from the original database on: Sun Nov 2
17:
38: 12 2003

The original data is available from: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcide (However, this archive does not always contain the most recent version of the dictionary.)

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Begin file 1 of
26: Letter A (Version 0.48)

This file is part 1 of the GNU version of The Collaborative International Dictionary of English Also referred to as GCIDE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

GCIDE is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.

GCIDE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this copy of GCIDE; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

This dictionary was derived from the Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Version published 1913 by the C. & G. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Under the direction of Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

and from WordNet, a semantic network created by the Cognitive Science Department of Princeton University under the direction of Prof. George Miller

and is being updated and supplemented by an open coalition of volunteer collaborators from around the world.

This electronic dictionary is the starting point for an ongoing project to develop a modern on-line comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a large and freely available knowledge base. Contributions of data, time, and effort are requested from any person willing to assist creation of a comprehensive and organized knowledge base for free access on the internet. Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a knowledge base should contact:

Patrick Cassidy pc@worldsoul.org 735 Belvidere Ave. Office: (908)668-5252 Plainfield, NJ 07062 (908) 561-3416

Last edit October 6, 2002.

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0

00-database-info Title: Moby Thesaurus II

Author: Grady Ward, grady@gradyward.com

Edition: 1.0

Moby (tm) Thesaurus II Documentation Notes

This documentation, the software and/or database are:

Public Domain material by grant from the author, January, 2001.

Moby Thesaurus is the largest and most comprehensive thesaurus data source in English available for commercial use. This second edition has been thoroughly revised adding more than 5,000 root words (to total more than 30,000) with an additional _million_ synonyms and related terms (to total more than 2.5 _million_ synonyms and related terms).

WordNet (r) 2.0

00-database-info This file was converted from the original database on: Sat Sep 27
20:
55: 46 2003

The original data is available from:

ftp://ftp.cogsci.princeton.edu/pub/wordnet/2.0/WordNet-2.0.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.cogsci.princeton.edu/pub/wordnet/2.0/WordNet-2.0.indexfix.tar.gz

This software and database is being provided to you, the LICENSEE, by Princeton University under the following license. By obtaining, using and/or copying this software and database, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with these terms and conditions.:

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and database and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you agree to comply with the following copyright notice and statements, including the disclaimer, and that the same appear on ALL copies of the software, database and documentation, including modifications that you make for internal use or for distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS.

The name of Princeton University or Princeton may not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software and/or database. Title to copyright in this software, database and any associated documentation shall at all times remain with Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

00-database-info This file was converted from the original database on: Sun Feb 22 14:18:06 1998

The original data is available from: ftp://ftp.uga.edu/pub/misc/webster/

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Begin file 1 of 24: A. (Version 0.46) of An electronic field-marked version of:

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Version published 1913 by the C. & G. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Under the direction of Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

This electronic version may be used freely for personal use or for research, and may be freely distributed provided that the entire set of files are copied, and the headers and copyright notices are not modified or deleted. The inclusion of more than one per cent of the text of this dictionary in a product for sale requires the express written permission of MICRA Inc. Sale of entire copies, including all headers and copyright notices, will not be considered a violation of this provision. This version is only a first typing, and has numerous typographic errors, including errors in the field-marks. Assistance in bringing this dictionary to a more accurate and useful state will greatly appreciated. This electronic dictionary is made available as a potential starting point for development of a modern on-line comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary, by the efforts of all individuals willing to help build a large and freely available knowledge base. Anyone willing to assist in any way in constructing such a knowledge base should contact:

Patrick Cassidy cassidy@micra.com 735 Belvidere Ave. Office: (908)668-5252 Plainfield, NJ 07062 (908) 561-3416

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