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A German historian; born at Iglau, Sept. 17, 1832. His first work was "The Consular Tribunal" (1855). He was appointed professor of history in the University of Vienna, 1862; in 1885 accepted a call to the University of Jena. Among his writings are: "German History in the 13th and 14th Centuries" (2 vols., 1863); "Sources of Mediaeval German History" (1870); "History of Alsace" (1871); "History and Politics" (1876); "Genealogical Manual of the History of European States" (1895). Died at Jena, May 13, 1904.