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A German historian; born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osnabruck, and later became a close friend of George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian tendency is the only blemish in a series of remarkable historical productions, such as a "History of East Friesland" (1854-58); "King Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation" (2d ed. 1867); "Tilly in the Thirty Years' War" (1861); "The Fall of the House of Stuart" (14 vols., 1875-87); "The Thirty Years' War to the Death of Gustavus Adolphus" (1891). D. 1903.