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A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa.

Labial closure by means of rings. Sometimes applied to labia majora to prevent coitus.

The fastening of the foreskin or labia majora with stitches or clasps to prevent copulation.

n. [Latin] Act of clasping or confining, as with a buckle or padlock.